Steel Framework

1. Corrosion (Rusting)

• Caused by moisture, chemicals or salt exposure
• Reduces cross-section and weakens members
• Visible flaking or red staining

2. Structural Deformation

• Bending or buckling from overload
• Impact damage from vehicles or machinery
• Bent members or out-of-plumb columns

3. Fatigue & Connection Failures

• Cracks from repeated loading (cranes, bridges)
• Loose bolts or failed welds from vibration
• Unusual noises under load

4. Fire Damage

• High temperatures reduce steel strength rapidly
• Warping, twisting or partial collapse
• Always requires assessment before reuse

minor Repairs

• Surface clean back to bright steel and repaint
• Tighten loose bolts and re-torque connections
• Touch up damaged protective coatings

moderate Repairs

• Weld repairs to cracked joints
• Add reinforcing plates to weakened sections
• Straighten bent members with heat or mechanical methods

major Repairs

• Cut out and replace damaged sections
• Add new members to redistribute load
• Hot-dip galvanise or apply intumescent fire protection
• FRP strengthening on critical members

When Replacement Is Needed

• Portal frame buildings (warehouses, agricultural)
• Multi-storey residential or commercial frames
• Beams to form openings in load-bearing walls
• Trusses for long-span roofs or bridges

Installation Steps

1. 1

   Design & Calculations

   • Structural analysis for dead, live, wind and seismic loads
   • Member sizing and connection design
   • Coordinate with architect and other trades
2. 2

   Fabrication

   • Cut, drill and weld members in the workshop
   • Apply factory primer and protective coatings
   • Mark members for site assembly
3. 3

   Erection

   • Lift and position members with cranes
   • Bolt or weld connections in sequence
   • Plumb, level and align before final tightening
4. 4

   Protection & Inspection

   • Apply intumescent paint or fire boards
   • Touch up coatings damaged in transit
   • Inspect welds and bolt torque before sign-off